As long as karma is being generated, beings will continue to
experience rebirth.
The Wheel of Existence or, of Rebirth
The explanatory diagram known as the wheel of rebirth is called in Tibetan, Shri Pa'i Korlho.
"With regard to the history of this painting, at the time
of Shakyamuni Buddha, a[n] king [of outlying] Udayana made a present of a
jeweled robe to the king of Magadha, Bimbisara, who did not have anything of
equivalent worth to give in return. Bimbisara was worried about this and asked
the Buddha what he should give. The Buddha indicated that he should have a wheel
of cyclic existence with five sectors drawn accompanied by the following:
Undertaking this and leaving that,
Enter into the teaching of the Buddha.
Like an elephant in a thatch house,
Destroy the forces of the Lord of Death.
Those who with thorough conscientiousness
Practice this disciplinary doctrine
Will forsake the wheel of birth,
Bringing suffering to an end.
The Buddha told Bimbisara to send this to [the] King [of]
Udayana. It is said that when the king received the picture and studied it, he
attained realization." ~J. Hopkins translating HH Dalai Lama in
The Meaning of Life.
Elements of the Wheel
One of the earliest historical examples of a visual aid used in teaching is
the chart used by Buddha Shakyamuni to explain the workings of
karma.
< Yama, Lord of Death, clutches the wheel.
In The Meaning of Life, a collection of discourses by HH
the 14th Dalai Lama (a Gelugpa,) the wheel is described as having five
segments (the realms of devata and ashuras are combined.) It is driven by its hub of Three Poisons: desire or
attachment, aversion or hatred, and delusion or ignorance,
and by the energy resulting from our actions that are invariably motivated by those
three. In other words, by karma.
The segments between spokes are the different realms into which sentient
beings take rebirth. They are
1a. Devas or gods.
1b. Ashuras or titans (anti-gods, jealous gods, demigods, aka
"demons")
2. Manushyas or humans.
3. Tiryakas or animals.
4. Pretas or hungry ghosts.
5. Narakas or demons (hell beings)
H. E. Thrangu Rinpoche (a Kagyupa,) describes the
realms as relating to six distinct conditions. In the two higher realms, they
are Pride and Jealousy (1a and 1b above, respectively.) In the "Realm
in which it is easiest to attain Enlightenment" (2 above) humans are
afflicted with five disturbing emotions. The lower realms (3, 4 & 5 in
the list above) are respectively associated with Ignorance, Desire and
Anger.
At the top is are the heavens or realm of gods
that is usually blended with that of the demi- or anti-gods, a.k.a.
titans or ashuras, with whom they constantly struggle for
dominance.
Before it [at 10 o'clock], is the human realm.
Read in Jamgon Kongtrul the Great's Generation
and Completion with commentary by Thrangu Rinpoche [scroll
down the linked page] of ". . . the complete correspondence
to all the events of one life cycle. Starting with the bardo
and the entrance of the bardo consciousness into the womb, going through
your whole life and ending with your death, and again your entrance into the
bardo" including the stages of the process for a fetus in the womb of its
mother.
After the top realm, going in a clockwise order, next is the realm of those
who, after death, are still so attached by desire to this world that they are
ghosts. In the Tibetan version, they are shown with very narrow necks and
are known as ‘hungry ghosts’ because their condition prevents them
from enjoying food or drink.
At the bottom is the hell realm that is often shown to comprise
both hot and cold forms of torment. The Sutra of Remembrance of the
True Law describes 8 different hells but makes it clear that they are the
product of our own mind.
Next is the animal realm where sentient beings from whales to insects
are confined in fear and ignorance.
Nearing the top once more, is the
realm of human beings in our varying conditions, degrees and
statuses.
- How Not to Meditate: When we think
we are meditating are we, instead, visiting one of the other realms?
~ based on Ushiyama Roshi's teaching, presented by Ken McLeod
The in-between states are called in Tibetan, the bardo.
This is also the word for the locale of consciousness while it is not embodied, as
in certain kinds of dreaming.
As dismal as the situation may appear at first glance, in each of the realms
is depicted a symbol of the dharma providing the opportunity for liberation
from the repetitious situation known as samsara.
Buddhists
believe that it is the human experience of existence that provides the best
opportunity for enlightenment, liberation [Skt. moksha], nirvana.
"Just as it is impossible to describe colours to a person blind from birth,
or the joys of flight to a fish in the depths of the ocean, . . . the
experience of nirvana is indescribable."
There are various versions of the Wheel of Rebirth. In a few,
there is a buddha figure in each segment; in others there are various symbols
used to represent the dharma. The pictures illustrating the "12 links" on
the rim of the wheel may be somewhat different, too.
On the outer edge or rim of the wheel are twelve images. They
symbolically refer to the factors that interact to determine the consequences of
activity or karma. They derive from and can be related to, the
Madhyamika view concerning the nature of reality. Here, too, there may
be some variation depending upon the tradition or school to which the tangka artist
belongs.
At top is a blind man with his stick representing spiritual blindness; this
is the state of ignorance in which we can easily lose our way. Sometimes
we do not even know there is a way.
At 2 o'clock is a potter at work on his own products.
These are the deeds and actions we perform ~ the formations, preparations
or samskaras. We are responsible for our own pots, not fate.
At the 3 o'clock position is a monkey playing in a tree.
It depicts ordinary attention or consciousness which shifts continuously in the
undisciplined mind. Meditation seeks to calm the monkey in order to gain
access to the nature of consciousness.
At 4 is a boat with two people in it, Name and Form.
[Some versions have a person and the heaps or skandhas]
These act together as the conditioned way in which we experience the
world. The boat is the mind moving about on 'reality'. (Some have
interpreted this image as the physical and the intellectual or spiritual moving
the boat of experience.)
At 5 is a house with six openings: five shuttered
windows and a closed door. These are the five senses plus a sixth which is
the faculty of apperception by which we interpret the input of the
senses. That is, the sixth sense is apperception, recognition at
the sub-conscious level.
Moving to the 6 o'clock position: A man and a woman embracing
demonstrates contact, the consequence of sensual perceptions.
At 7 is a person who has been struck in the eye by an
arrow. He is wounded by emotion, the subsequent feelings that can have a
"fatal" effect. They create suffering.
At 8 is a woman offering a drink to a man. It
illustrates desire that has been stimulated by perceptions and emotions which
leads us to drink more from the world of appearances.
At the 9th position is a person picking the fruit of his
tree. He receives the consequence he expects will be sweet.
At 10 is a maiden about to cross the stream. In one version of
the Wheel, there is one person beckoning another to go or to come back.
At 11 is a woman giving birth. The new
life is determined by the fruits of the old and is attracted to the parents
accordingly, in order to be born.
Finally [?], the illustration that ends one round but begins
another new life in one of the realms, is that of two people carrying a burden
on a litter. This is the body, a corpse wrapped up on its way to be
disposed of. Other people suffer as they bear the burden of another's
death.
"If any link in the twelve-linked circle
of causation (pratitya-samutpada) is broken the entire circle ceases to
be operative because the root of it, the zero [Sanskrit shunya] is
discovered. This origination is rooted in zero, proceeds from it, ends in
it, and itself is nothing but an extension of zero." This zero is
not infinite [like conceptions of God] but neither is it finite.
Whether we are meditating, dreaming, or going about our other
activities ultimately we are responsible for our own experience. According to
the Buddhist view, objects and beings make their appearance without
an external stimulus, or any First Cause. It is said that, just as a painter
can paint a portrait of a demon and then be terrified by it, so unenlightened beings paint a picture of the six realms of samsara and then are tormented and terrified by that picture.
Through the power of our
own minds, we create the six realms of existence and then
rotate through them. We are the ones who create
the realms and the endless cycle known as samsara.
Samsara
The Wheel is a depiction of existence with all its
conditions and circumstances that is generally called samsara (or sangsara) -- the
unsatisfactory cycle of death and rebirth that can continue endlessly unless we
work to change that situation.
Jamgon
Lodro Thaye Rinpoche's best known work is
The Torch of Certainty.
In the section called "the Four Ordinary Foundations," the fourth
topic is the 'Shortcoming of Samsara.' Here, this great 19th-century
"ecumenical" dharma teacher points out:
Three Types of Misery Common to All Samsaric Beings
"In brief, the miseries experienced by beings in the
lower realms and the pain of disease, malicious gossips, etc., experienced by
gods and men constitute the misery of misery itself. When you
lead a wealthy, peaceful existence, life seems very pleasant. But soon,
because of impermanence, the misery of change arrives. The two kinds of
misery mentioned above are grounded in the fact that the five skandhas
have come together. This is the misery latent in all conditioned
existence.
"Finding their foothold in the five skandhas, the many kinds of misery of
the three realms arise. Thus, no matter how high or low your state of
birth, you cannot avoid samsara's very nature: the three types of misery! Even
if your life seems happy and you possess a healthy body, a house, money,
friends and servants -- these are merely misery in disguise. They are
like food offered to a nauseated man or a hangman's feast for a condemned
prisoner."
~ trans. Judith Hanson. Boston/London: Shambhala, 1994.
In
1982, the Venerable Kalu Rinpoche taught extensively on the 6 realms, the 5
components and the intermediate states between rebirths [bardos]
[bar is Tibetan for interval; do means 2.]
Reflections on the wheel as symbol
______________________________________________________
Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche. The
Middle-way Meditation Instructions of Mipham Rinpoche. Boulder,
CO: Namo Buddha Seminar, 2000. (Based on 19th-century "encyclopedist,"
Mipham's
Gateway to Knowledge.)
samsara: A corruption of Skt. samskara,
which currently refers to the 10 rites of Hindu males of the upper castes
that mark life's turning points: (1) the conception of a child (2) the
quickening (movement in the womb) (3) birth (4) naming (5) carrying the child out to
view the moon (6) giving him solid food (7) ceremony of tonsure [shaving the
head, leaving a bit] (8) investiture of the sacred string (9) completion of
studies [ie. graduation] and (10) marriage, after which he is qualified to perform
sacrifices.
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